#LIBERAS LATIN FREE#
"The lictor of the magistratus laid a rod ( festuca) on the head of the slave, accompanied with certain formal words, in which he declared that he was a free man ex Jure Quiritium", that is, "vindicavit in libertatem". The master brought his slave before the magistratus, and stated the grounds ( causa) of the intended manumission. Libertas was also recognized in ancient Rome by the rod ( vindicta or festuca), used ceremonially in the act of Manumissio vindicta, Latin for 'freedom by the rod' (emphasis added): "The figure of Liberty on some of the coins of Antoninus Pius, struck A.D. Hence the phrase servos ad pileum vocare is a summons to liberty, by which slaves were frequently called upon to take up arms with a promise of liberty ( Liv. When a slave obtained his freedom he had his head shaved, and wore instead of his hair an undyed pileus (πίλεον λευκόν, Diodorus Siculus Exc. Libertas was associated with the pileus, commonly worn by the freed slave: Īmong the Romans the cap of felt was the emblem of liberty. The name Lībertās ('freedom') is a derivation from Latin Līber ('free'), stemming from Proto-Italic *leuþero, and ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁leudʰero ('belonging to the people', hence 'free'). There are many post-classical depictions of liberty as a person which often retain some of the iconography of the Roman goddess. The Greek equivalent of the goddess Libertas is Eleutheria, the personification of liberty. She is usually portrayed with two accoutrements: the rod and the soft pileus, which she holds out, rather than wears. Nonetheless, she sometimes appears on coins from the imperial period, such as Galba's "Freedom of the People" coins during his short reign after the death of Nero. She became a politicised figure in the Late Republic, featured on coins supporting the populares faction, and later those of the assassins of Julius Caesar. Libertas ( Latin for 'liberty' or 'freedom', pronounced ) is the Roman goddess and personification of liberty.
Denarius (42 BC) issued by Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther, depicting the crowned head of Libertas, with a sacrificial jug and lituus on the reverse
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